Introduction

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It affects individuals of all ages and backgrounds, making it one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide. Seizures can vary in type and severity, from brief lapses in attention to severe convulsions, depending on the area of the brain involved.

Causes and Risk Factors

Epilepsy can result from various genetic, structural, metabolic, and environmental factors. In many cases, the exact cause remains unknown.

Common Causes:

• Genetic predisposition: Inherited abnormalities that affect brain function.

• Brain injuries: Traumatic head injuries or birth trauma.

• Infections: Meningitis, encephalitis, or neurocysticercosis.

• Stroke or vascular diseases: Common in older adults.

• Developmental disorders: Such as autism spectrum disorder or neurodevelopmental delay.

• Tumors and brain malformations: Structural lesions that trigger abnormal brain activity.

Risk Factors:

• Family history of epilepsy.

• Prenatal injury or oxygen deprivation during birth.

• Central nervous system infections.

• Substance abuse or withdrawal from alcohol/drugs.